Monday 6 May 2019

Road and Street dimensions

Index: Common measurements: Landscaping: Roads and Streets

Road and Street dimensions


Road width

4-6 m per lane is fairly reasonable.


Cobblestones

A cobble is defined on the Udden-Wentworth scale as a stone with a particle size of 64-256 mm and a genuine cobblestone road surface will be made of natural stones of varying size but approcimately within that range - perhaps mainly in the medium-to-small range.

What we usually call cobblestones today are strictly speaking "setts" or "Belgian blocks", cut stones of equal size. Typical dimension for a sett is about 10 cm. taking into account the space between them, expcet 8-9 stones per meter.

Wednesday 1 May 2019

System Vegetation

Index: Assets: System Vegetation

System vegetation

System vegetation (aka "Linden plants") is an old feature for creating vegetation. It was introduced to Second Life by Linden Lab early in 2008 and seems to have been inspired by SpeedTree. It was a bit of a rush job though and it has never been updated so they are quite limited. They do have their uses though and some builders have done some remarkably good creative work with them.


System trees and grass

There are two different kinds of System vegetation, "System trees" and "System grass". Both names are rather misleading since they can be used for quite a bit more:
  • A "system tree" is a single relatively elaborate plant. In addition to trees, the feature is also used for bushes, ferns and grass clumps.
  • A "system grass" is made from 32 single sheets spread across an area. In addition to grass, the feature is also used for undergrowth shrubbery.


Limitations

  • System vegetation is limited to the old 10 m max size, so no tall trees.
  • System grass automatically aligns with the system ground. This can be an advantage but it also means it doesn't work on sky platforms.
  • The selection of plants available is very limited and, let's face it, not always very well chosen.
  • Many of the plants have rather dodgy textures. (I told you it was a rush job, didn't I?)


Variants

I've marked the different variants with different background colors depending on my opinion about them (you're free to make up your own mind of course). Green means can be useful, yellow means don't rue it out completely, red is useless.

System trees:

  • Actual trees:
    • Cypress 1
      • I'm not sure what kind of tree this is, it certainly doesn't look like a cypress to me. 
    • Cypress 2
      •  Not really a cypress. That is, the texture seems to be of a cypress (hard to tell with the low resolution) but the shape is all wrong. It's still quite useful as a generic small early summer hardoow tree though and there is a reason why it seems to be one of the most popular (or should I rather say least unpopular?) system tree.
    • Dogwood
      •  The texture may be a drawing or it may be an over-edited photo, not sure.
    • Eucalyptus
      •  One of the best textures in the set but the trunk shape is too angular.
    • Oak
      • This is not an oak, it's a maple! A very small one in brownish-red automn colors. I've makred it as yellow partly because of the diminutive size, partly because it's been so overused. In the right settigns it can actually be very effective.
    • Palm 1
      • A really nice and amazingly realistc looking coconut palm. 
    • Palm 2
      • A half withered coconut palm. This is one of the better system trees but it's so small. A palm as old as this one obviously is, should be twice as tall.
    • Pine 1
      • It looks more like a spruce than a pine to me but it's hard to tell withut more details. This is definitely one of the better system trees although the bark texture look a bit too simplistic.
    • Pine 2
      • This too looks more like a spruce than a pine to me but it's hard to tell withut more details. This is also one of the better system trees but I don't think it's quite as good as Pine 1
    • Winter Aspen
      • A with birsh branch and a bare branch edited to be all white. It can work in a winter fantasy setting.
    • Winter Pine 1
      • A spruce (or possibly pine) with some white blotches added to simulate snow. It doesn't sound very promising but it actually works.
    • Winter Pine 2
      • With even more fake snow than Winter Pine 1 and it still works quite well. At least in a fantasy settings. Trees hardly ever get their trunks covered by snow this way.
  • Bushes:
    • Plumeria
      •  Ridiculously oversized by default and with a rather tacky drawing based texture. I've marked it with red here but I have actually seen it been used effectively. The poor texture means it won't work anywhere near an upfront setting but if people could jsut be bothered to scale it down, it might do as a decent background plant and as a supplement to dense groups of other system plants.
    • Tropical bush 1
      • Really nice photo based texture
    • Tropical bush 2
      • Really nice photo based texture.
  • Other land plants:
    • Beach Grass
      • A clump of grass that should work everywhere, not just on beaches. It's very dense though and tend to look rather "blocky". The texture is a photo.
    • Fern
      • A susprisingly good system plants, one of the best and unlike so many of the others, it works in many settings. The only real limitation is that the color is very bright green. The texture is a photo.
  • Aquatic plants:
    • Eelgrass
      • A really good generic green plant. It works as a reular grass clump above water too and ir probably better that the beach grass for that.
    • Kelp 1
      • Brown kelp. This is one of the really good ones. The only real limitation is that you only get a single plant for one land impact. The texture seems to be based on a drawing, probably an illustration from an old textbook.
    • Kelp 2
      • Green kelp. Apart from that, more or less the same as Kelp 1.
    • Sea Sword
      • This is one of the gems of the set. The texture is a photo.

System grass:

  • Actual grass:
    • Grass 0
      •  A really good generic grass texture but like all the grasses, with only 32 scattered instances it's hard to make much out of it. The texture is a photo.
    • Grass 1
      • A very dense clump of grass, way too dense to be useful. The texture is a photo.
    • Grass 2
      • The same as Grass 0, only taller.
    • Grass 3
      • Another wayy too dense clup of grass. The texture is a photo.
    • Grass 4
      • Grass 0 with the tops of the straws tinted red to make it look like late summer/autumn grass. That idea works well but it still ahs the same limitations as Grass 0
  • Undegrowth:
    • undergrowth_1
      • A spread of low shrubs, I'm not sure abut the species but it seems like alder to me. One of the hidden gems of the selection.

Custom system vegetation

In theory it's fairly easy to make custom system vegetation. Each variant is made from a single texture and a small set of parameters and all the data is stored locally in two xml files. In reality this is only an option for closed single user grids though. System vegetation is all client-side, so unless you can convince everybody to use your custom xml files, only you wil be able to see your creations.

But if you want to give it a try, here are the parameters (no info aout what they do yet, sorry).

System trees:

  • tree name
  • species_id
  • texture_id
  • droop
  • twist
  • branches
  • depth
  • scale_step
  • trunk_depth
  • branch_length
  • trunk_length
  • leaf_scale
  • billboard_scale
  • billboard_ratio
  • trunk_aspect
  • branch_aspect
  • leaf_rotate
  • noise_mag
  • noise_scale
  • taper repeat_z

System grass:

  • name
  • species_id
  • texture_id
  • blade_size_x
  • blade_size_y

Common Staircase dimensions


Common Staircase dimensions

The most important measurement for a staircase is the sum of two risers (the height of each step) and one tread (the depth of each step). For a staircase to be comfortable to walk, this should be:



RL 133% 150% 200%
Min. 61 cm 81 cm 91.5 cm 122 cm
Ideal 62 cm 82.5 cm 93 cm 124 cm
Max. 63.5 cm 84.5 cm 95.25 cm 127 cm


Risers


RL 133% 150% 200%
Min. 12 cm 16 cm 18 cm 24 cm
Typical 16 cm 21 cm 24 cm 32 cm
Max. 21 cm 28 cm 31.5 cm 42 cm


Treads


RL 133% 150% 200%
Min. 25 cm 33 cm 37.5 cm 50 cm
Typical 30 cm 40 cm 45 cm 60 cm
Max. 40 cm 53 cm 60 cm 80 cm

Width

Since 2017 Norwegian bulding code regulations specify a minimum width of 1.10 m. Before that 0.9 m was the minimum. I haven't checked regulations from other coutnries but this seems fairly typical.

Common Human dimesions


Human sizes

It's probably just as well to simply link to Wikipedia's List of average human height worldwide, no need to repeat the same data here.

But please be aware that the various readings you can get of your avatar's height can be very unreliable. The only reliable way to measure your avatar's actual height is to rez a prim and scale it to the same height as your avatar.


Human proportions


See the article in the assets section.

Common Floor dimensions

Common Floor dimensions

Not much here yet but 18-20 cm is a reasonable RL figure for floor thickness. That means:
  • 133% scale: 24-27 cm
  • 150% scale: 27-30 cm
  • 200% scale: 36-40 cm

Common Door dimensions

Common Door dimensions

Door openings

It should be unnecessary to mention but just in case, you usualy want the door opening to be a bit wider and taller than the actual door to allow room for the frame.

Residental entrance doors

RL 133% 150% 200%
Height
Min. 2 2.7 3 4
Typical 2.2 2.9 3.3 4.4
Width
Min. 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2
Typical 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.6
Max. 1 1.3 1.5 2


Residental interior doors

RL 133% 150% 200%
Height
Min. 1.9 2.5 2.9 3.8
Typical 2 2.7 3 4
Max. 2.1 2.8 3.2 3.8
Width
Min. 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2
Typical 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.4
Max. 1 1.3 1.5 2


Door handles and door knobs

Mounting height

RL 133% 150% 200%
Typical 1.05 1.4 1.6 2.1

Door knob diameter

There are two standard diameters for door knobs, 2 3/8 and 2 3/4 inches. That is for the mounting plates of the knob, the head will be a little bit smaller.

RL 133% 150% 200%
2 3/8 6 cm 8 cm 9 cm 12 cm
2 3/4 7 cm 9.5 cm 10.5 cm 14 cm

Common Wall dimensions


Common Wall dimensions

Height



Thickness


RL 133% 150% 200%
Outer walls 25 cm 33 cm 38 cm 50 cm
Divider walls 10-15 cm 13-20 cm 15-23 cm 20-30 cm


Plank walls

Even with metrics, wood plank dimensions are still roughly based on the old inch measurements. An inch is close to 2.5 cm and that's a good increment for plank dimensions anyway. 10, 12.5 and 15 cm (4, 5 and 6 inches) are fairly common for plank sidings. Depending on the construction, there may be some overlapping. Reasonable number of plank widths per meter of wall:

RL 133% 150% 200%
Min. 6.5 5 4.5 3.5
Max. 11 8 7.5 5.5


Brick walls

We have som much to say about brick walls, we gave them their own page.

Common Roof dimensions

Common Roof dimensions

Work in progress. Not much info here yet but more to come. Pitch is the angle of the roof. In RL it is usually given as a width-to-height ratio but I've decided to use angles here.

Gable roofs

Pitch may vary a lot. 45 degrees is often a good compromise but some people think that looks a bit bland.

Some (random) styles:
  • Victorian:  Often very high pitch, especially on high status buildings. Apparently this was to allow for a lot of gable space to decorate.
  • Northern (not coastal) climate: High pitch to make the snow slide off easier.
  • Traditional Northern Norwegian: Very low pitch. The most likely reason is that the higher the pitch, the more vulnerable the roof is to stormy weather.
  • Midwest USA (unconfirmed): Low pitch to make the roof tornado resistant.
  • Thatched roofs: Pitch 45 degrees or more. If it's less than that, rain won't drain off properly so the roof won't be waterproof.

Common Ceiling heights

Common Ceiling heights

Ceiling heights differ a lot.
  • Colder climate usually means lower ceilings to kep the warmth from escaping up.
  • Victorian houses usually have very high ceilings - it was fashionable at that time.
  • U.S. houses tend to have higher ceilings than European ones.
  • Commercial and public buildings tend to have higher ceilings than residentals.


Residental houses



RL 133% 150% 200%
North European
Min. 2.25 3 3.4 4.5
Typical 2.4 3.2 3.6 4.8
Max. 2.5 3.3 3.75 5
Modern U.S.
Typical 2.7 3.6 4 5.4
Victorian
Typical 3 4 4.5 6


Public buildings



RL 133% 150% 200%
Modern
Typical 3 4 4.5 6

Common Window sizes

Common modern window sizes

RL 133% 150% 200%
Height under window
Typical modern 0.75 1 1.125 1.5
Bathroom 1.4 1.85 2.1 2.8
Window height
Typical 1.05 1.4 1.6 2.1
Bathroom 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2

Common Victorian window sizes

RL 133% 150% 200%
Height from floor to top of sash
Min. 2.13 2.84 3.2 4.27
Max. 2.18 2.91 3.28 4.37
Height under window (from floor to top of ledge)
Public (living room, dining room etc. 0.48 0.61 0.69 0.91
Public and private 0.76 1.01 1.14 1.52
Private (bedroom, study etc.) 0.91 1.22 1.37 1.83
Service (bathroom, kitchen etc. 1.07 1.42 1.6 2.13
Width
Standard Victorian/Edwardian sash 1.22 1.62 1.83 2.44